Energy and Load Aware Multipath Route Selection for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Routing protocols are crucial in delivering packets from source to destination in scenarios where destinations are not directly within the sender’s range. Various routing protocols employ different strategies, but their presence is indispensable for seamless data transfer from source to destination. Multipath routing, while offering load balancing, often falls short in efficiently distributing the network’s load, thus adversely impacting the vital communication resource—energy—due to packet loss. This paper introduces an Energy-Efficient Load-Aware Routing (ELAM) scheme to enhance the routing performance of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Our motivation stems from the observation that many multipath routing protocols are designed based on a single criterion, such as the shortest path, often neglecting load balancing or energy conservation. While the Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocol demonstrates improved performance compared to unipath routing schemes, achieving both load balancing and energy efficiency remains challenging.  The proposed ELAM scheme considers energy conservation, the shortest path, and load balancing to enhance the performance of multipath routing protocols. ELAM considers the shortest path and energy conservation while accommodating more than two paths in a MANET. We introduce an energy factor that contributes to the network’s lifespan, with efficient load balancing enhancing the longevity of nodes and the overall network. The energy factor provides insights into the energy status, and we evaluate the performance of AODV, AOMDV, and the proposed ELAM. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms existing protocols and effectively manages unnecessary energy consumption by mobile nodes. Our performance analysis reveals a minimum 5% improvement in throughput and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), indicating reduced packet dropping and network delays

Temperature Dependence on Opto-structural Parameters of Sol-gel Derived Tin Doped Zirconia Nanoparticles

Recently, nanocrystalline zirconia was widely employed in photocatalytic applications .Tin doped zirconia nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel process followed by spin coating technique. The as-produced powders and thin films were heat treated in air at 500, 650 and 800 0C for 2h. Structural parameters of annealed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transformed infrared studies. XRD spectra revealed the mixed phases such as t-ZrO2, m-ZrO2 and o-ZrSnO4. Structural parameters viz. crystallite size, lattice constants, dislocation density, microstrain, orientation parameter and activation energy were evaluated. XRD data depicted that crystallite size increased, while lattice parameters slightly decreased with increase in annealing temperature.  Expected functional groups were established by FTIR spectra. Optical parameters of nanopowders/thin films such as PL emission wavelength and optical band gap were determined by photoluminescence and UV-visible absorption. The energy band gaps of thin films were increased with increase in temperature. The emission peak exhibited a blue shift with increase in temperature. In addition, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis of as prepared sample was investigated

PROSOPIS CINERARIA (L) DRUCE: A DESERT TREE TO BRACE LIVELIHOOD IN RAJASTHAN

The Prosopis cineraria (L) Druce is an important tree (Khejri- a local name in Rajasthan)for the Thar Desert withhard climatic adaptation and one of the lifeline in desert habitat as mentioned in ancient literature. This is a speciesrepresenting all five F viz., Forest, Fiber, Fuel, Fodder and Food. This tree is also mythological important in localcommunities. High value of this species recognized as a State symbol (state tree of Rajasthan). Prosopis cineraria(L.) Druce is a tree endemic to hot deserts of India, belonging to the family Leguminosae. Pods locally called“Sangri” are considered as dry fruit of desert and are one of the main ingredients of quintessential Rajasthani dish -The Panchkuta. In the present article, we have attempted to review different characteristics of the pods, tounderstand its health benefits. Various phytoconstituents like tannins (gallic acid), steroids (stigmasterol,campesterol, sitosterol, etc.), Flavone derivatives (prosogerin A, B, C, D, and E), alkaloids (spicigerine,prosophylline), etc. have been isolated from the sangri pods .As this plant is found in water stress (or deficient area)so antioxidant potential of pods has also been discussed. Prosopis cineraria (L) Druce is one of the highly valuedplant in the Indigenous System of Medicine. P. cineraria pods provide protein, iron, vitamins A and C and othermicro minerals Unripe pods are also nutritious and are used to prepare curries and pickles. Its bark is said to be apotent drug for several ailments such as leprosy, dysentery, bronchitis, asthma, leucoderma, piles, muscular tremors,asthma, rheumatism and inflammations. Pharmacological activities like analgesic, antipyretic, antihyperglycemic,antioxidant, antihypercholesterolemic, antitumor, nootropic anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral andanticancer activities have been reported from different plant extracts. In view of its medicinal importance, thepresent review is focused to delineate its chemical constitution and therapeutic potentiality, precisely

Opto-structural Properties of Thermally Treated Zirconia Nanoparticles

490-494In this study, zirconia nanoparticles wereprepared throughsol–gel/ spin coating technique using zirconium oxychloride octahydrate as precursor. The prepared gels/thin films were dried at 100 0C for 24h. Powdered samples and thin films of ZrO2were heat treated at 550 and 850 0C for 3h. Structural, microstructural, optical, luminescent and thermal properties ofsynthesized samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy and Thermo-gravimetric analysis. XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies confirmed the presence of both phases i.e tetragonal as well as monoclinic in the prepared samples. Optical band gap of prepared thin films was increased with thermal treatment. PL results revealed a broad band obtained in blue region of EM spectra. Thermal decomposition confirmed the formation of crystalline zirconia nanoparticles

Temperature Dependence on Opto-structural Parameters of Sol-gel Derived Tin Doped Zirconia Nanoparticles

102-107Recently, nanocrystalline zirconia was widely employed in photocatalytic applications.Tin doped zirconia nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel process followed by spin coating technique. The as-produced powders and thin films were heat treated in air at 500, 650 and 800 °C for 2h. Structural parameters of annealed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transformed infrared studies. XRD spectra revealed the mixed phases such as t-ZrO2, m-ZrO2 and o-ZrSnO4. Structural parameters viz. crystallite size, lattice constants, dislocation density, microstrain, orientation parameter and activation energy were evaluated. XRD data depicted that crystallite size increased, while lattice parameters slightly decreased with increase in annealing temperature. Expected functional groups were established by FTIR spectra. Optical parameters of nanopowders/thin films such as PL emission wavelength and optical band gap were determined by photoluminescence and UV-visible absorption. The energy band gaps of thin films were increased with increase in temperature. The emission peak exhibited a blue shift with increase in temperature. In addition, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis of as prepared sample was investigated

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF BONE MARROW ASPIRATE WITH TREPHINE BIOPSY IN HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM TREPHINE LENGTH IN LYMPHOMA INFILTRATION

Introduction- Bone marrow examination is an indispensable diagnostic tool to evaluate neoplastic and non neoplastic hematological diseases. Aims- To compare bone marrow aspirate with trephine biopsy in hematological disorders. To determine the optimum trephine preprocessing length in lymphoma infiltration. Methods – Diagnostic comparison was done between simultaneous bone marrow aspirates and trephine biopsies in 449 patients. Biopsies were fixed in formalin, decalcified in 5.5% EDTA and routinely processed. Concordance rates and validity parameters for aspirate were calculated. Three deeper sections of trephine biopsy, cut at 0.1–0.2 mm intervals, were assessed for lymphoma involvement. Proportion of biopsies showing marrow infiltration by lymphoma cells was plotted against trephine length and correlation was assessed. Results- Aspirate had a high sensitivity for acute leukemia (89.4%) and multiple myeloma (88.5%), moderate for NHL (67.6%) and nonhematopoietic metastases (58.3%) and low for aplastic anemia (38.5%) and Hodgkin lymphoma (5%). Aspirate has no role in granulomatous myelitis and myelofibrosis. Lymphoma positivity increased with trephine length, with maximum positivity (68.9%) seen in 17-20 mm group and no further gain beyond 20 mm. (lymphoma positivity ≤16mm=40.3% and ≥17mm=66.1%, p=0.0011). Conclusion- Though aspirate has a high specificity, sensitivity depends upon the type of disease. Apart from few conditions, in which aspirate alone is sufficient, biopsy is mandatory in most. Preprocessing trephine length of 17-20 mm examined at multiple deeper levels was found optimal for assessing lymphoma positivity